International Journal of Finance and Business Management (IJFBM) is an international academic open-access journal that contributes to the development of business and finance practices. It aims to promote the integration of management, trade, economics, and finance. The focus is to publish high-quality papers on state-of-the-art economics, finance, business, and management. Submitted papers will be reviewed by technical committees of the Journal consisting of at least two reviewers. The audience includes researchers, managers, and operators for economics, business, and management as well as business practitioners. All submitted articles should report original, previously unpublished research results, experimental or theoretical, and will be peer-reviewed. Articles submitted to the journal should meet these criteria and must not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should follow the style of the journal and are subject to both review and editing. International Journal of Finance and Business Management (IJFBM) publishes articles in January, March, May, July, September, and November.