Diplomacy and Soft Power: The Impact of Culture, Sports and Education on International Relations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59890/x1e39h94Keywords:
Diplomacy, Soft Power, Culture, Sports, Education, International RelationsAbstract
Diplomacy is a fundamental tool of foreign policy in international relations to achieve the national interest. Soft power diplomacy is used in contemporary era to prevent the conflicts and tried to get the thing you want through attraction not coercion as many state used hard power to achieve its goal. Soft power is used in less resources through cultural diplomacy, sports event to share cultures and to provide education opportunities through exchange programs, research opportunities in globalized race. In this research, researcher use qualitative approach to conduct the research by getting the literature from secondary sources such as Research articles, Journals, Ministries websites, statistical websites, news, etc. also researcher use case study technique to analyze the soft power strategies of different countries and tried to find an impact of those strategies during cultural diplomacy, sports diplomacy and educational diplomacy on International Relations
References
Akhmetkarimov, B. G., & Aminova, R. R. (2021). Sport as a tool of soft power in modern international relations. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise - 2021 - Autumn Conferences of Sports Science, 16(1988-5202). https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.16.proc2.27
Al Jazeera. (2022, November 20). FIFA makes $7.5bn in revenue for Qatar World Cup. Www.aljazeera.com. https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2022/11/20/fifa-revenue-hits-7-5b-for-current-world-cup-period
Bettinede Almeida, M. A., & Özdemir, M. (2024). The 3S’s of FIFA—Soft Power, Sports washing, Sports Diplomacy: The Brics and Qatar World Cups. London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 24(7).
Blair, R. A., Marty, R., & Roessler, P. (2021). Foreign Aid and Soft Power: Great Power Competition in Africa in the Early Twenty-first Century. British Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123421000193
Chatin, M., & Gallarotti, G. M. (2019). The BRICS and soft power: an introduction. In Emerging Powers in International Politics (pp. 1-18). Routledge.
Dahl, R. A. (1957). The concept of power. Behavioral Science, 2, 201–215.
Deutsch, K. W. (1967). On the concepts of politics and power. Journal of International Affairs, 21, 232-241.
Dyvik, E. (2023, October 17). Top destination of international students worldwide. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/297132/top-host-destination-of-international-students-worldwide/
France, C. (2022). Alliance française de Paris. https://ressources.campusfrance.org/pratique/etablissements/en/lang afparis en.pdf
Freeman, C.h. and Louça, F. (2001) As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gilboa, E. (2008). Searching for a theory of public diplomacy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 55-77.
Green, A. (2013) Education and State Formation: Europe, East Asia and the USA, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gumenyuk, T., Frotveit, M., Bondar, I., Horban, Y., & Karakoz, O. (2021). CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE INFLUENCE OF DIGITALIZATION. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 99(7). https://www.jatit.org/volumes/Vol99No7/7Vol99No7.pdf
Harold, Nicholson, Diplomacy, 3rd ed., London, Oxford University Press, 1963. Hinchberger, B. (2024, July 18). 2024 Paris Games: Can The Olympics Finally Claim Financial Victory? (Part 2). Global Finance Magazine. https://gfmag.com/economics-policy-regulation/2024-paris-games-olympics-finances-part-finally-claim-financial-victory-part-2/
Inglehart, R. and Welzel, C.h. (2005) Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jayathry Gunaratne. (2025, February 20). BTS and the rise of South Korea’s creative economy. Meer; Meer.com. https://www.meer.com/en/86650-bts-and-the-rise-of-south-koreas-creative-economy
Kissinger, H. (1994). Diplomacy. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks
Kunkunrat . (2024). Korean Cultural Diplomacy: Uniting Society Through Soft Power. Best Journal of Administration and Management, 2(3), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.56403/bejam.v2i3.155
Landes, D. (1998) The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. New York, London: Norton & Company
Morgenthau, H. (1948). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. New York, NY: Alfred A Knopf.
Nisbett, M. (2016). Who Holds in the Power in Soft Power? Arts & International, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.18278/aia.1.1.7.
Nye, J. S. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699
Nye, J. S. (2011). The Future of Power (1st ed.). Public Affairs.
Nye, J. S., Jr. (1990). Bound to lead: The changing nature of American power. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Ogbajie, M., Oyedele, O., Anita, C., Daniel, N., Ohis, A., Oreoluwa, I., Toyin, A., Marvellous, A., Gerald, N., & Mnena, C. (2023). Constructivism’s Impact on International Relations: Shaping a New World Order. Int. J. Adv. Multidisc. Res. Stud, 3(6), 299–302. https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1700200537.pdf
Oppong, T. (2020, February 3). Maximizing The Marketing Mix: How BTS Brings in $4.9 Billion to The Korean Economy. AllTopStartups. https://alltopstartups.com/2020/02/03/maximizing-the-marketing-mix-how-bts-brings-in-4-9-billion-to-the-korean-economy/
Pan, S. (2013). Confucius Institute project: China’s cultural diplomacy and soft power projection. Asian Education and Development Studies, 2(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/20463161311297608
Pigman, G. A. (2010). Contemporary diplomacy. Representation and communication in a Globalized world. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Santos, N. D. A. E. S. F. D. (2021). The interplay of soft power and sharp power in sport Diplomacy: A conceptual framework. Journal of Global Sport Management, 1-19.
Scobell, A., Burke, E., Iii, C., Ohlandt, C., Warner, E., & Williams, J. (2020). China’s Grand Strategy Trends, Trajectories, and Long-Term Competition. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research reports/RR2700/RR2798/RAND RR2798.pdf
Tamene, G. (2018). THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF DIPLOMACY Getnet Tamene. https://sjps.fsvucm.sk/Articles/04_1_7.pdf
Trunkos, J., & Heere, B. (2017). Sport Diplomacy: A Review of How Sports Can Be Used to Improve International Relationships. https://fitpublishing.com/sites/default/files/pages_from_sportdiplomacy-011317-bw20.pdf
Tsvetkova, N. (2020). Russian digital diplomacy: A rising cyber soft power?. Russia's Public Diplomacy: Evolution and Practice, 103-117.
Vucinich, A., & Barghoorn, F. C. (1961). The Soviet Cultural Offensive: The Role of Cultural Diplomacy in Soviet Foreign Policy. American Sociological Review, 26(5), 817. https://doi.org/10.2307/2090243
Walters, C. (2007, August 3). Sports Diplomacy Is the New Comeback Kid. USC Center on Public Diplomacy. https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/sports-diplomacy-new-comeback-kid
Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy Is What States Make of it: the Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2), 391–425.
Winkler, J. R., & Nye, J. S. (2005). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. International Journal, 61(1), 268. https://doi.org/10.2307/40204149
wojciuk, anna, michałek, maciej, & stormowska, marta. (2015). education as a source and tool of soft power in international relations. European Political Science, 14(3), 298–317. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2015.25
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismail Adaramola Abdul Azeez, Musab Yousufi , Sabah Khan Tareen (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
